Over the past year, I’ve become more acquainted with philosophical ideals and theory, due to inclusion in Academy and debate. One of the most common theory is that of hegemony – that a single nation can control the stability of the majority of others through expansive hard (military) and soft (cultural and diplomatic) power. Unaware, this has been ingrained in my brain for as long as I can remember – ever since 9/11, which is about as far back as I can remember, America has been on an ‘America’ kick. I’ve grown up learning about how the US military is the greatest in the world, our political system is far superior to that of other nations, we have the best scientist, doctors, innovators and students, that as a country, the United States is #1. I’ve taken this idea for granted, operating under the assumption that I’ll be forever safe on American soil. These assumptions have been changed, after reading novels like our health care book: there is at least one area where the U.S. isn’t fantastic. I pay more attention to the news, learning that America is having some major issues.
Now, even with all of taken as the truth, I’ve never heard of something that could overtake the United States, with the possible exception of China economically. Through the hard times, America will prevail is the word on the street. This weekend, while debating I was exposed to a new theory for the world, cosmopolitanism. The overarching theory of cosmopolitanism, of which there are numerous subsets, believe that all the nations of the world should “come together and sing Kumbaya,” in the words of my coach. It advocated that all human beings, regardless of their political affiliation, can belong to a single community, I’ve heard of things like globalization and economic interdependence, initiatives working toward coherent international trading systems and norms for the benefit of all, but never a ‘global society’. The idea seemed so shocking, and when it was first explained to me, my knee-jerk reaction was ‘that’s stupid,’ because I didn’t think it was possible.
World peace seems so
mething to merely wish for, not something that could become a reality. But is that really the truth? Could my mind just be clouded by constant images of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, forcing a pessimistic viewpoint? Is hegemonic theory wrong – could states come together as one, without an higher power to keep the peace? What would such a place look like? What steps should be taken to achieve an international regime, and would it follow a current governmental model?
In addition to the political conundrum, cosmopolitanism confuses me because of the cultural differences from region to region of the world. The idea sounds utopian, but in ever utopian novel I’ve read there doesn’t seem to be a culture, only an enforced set of rules. Is this what’s ideal, and best for the human race? This idea also seems illogical because of another ingrained theory, realism. The main concept of realism is that states/countries will protect against conflict and war, and be distrusting of other nations to preserve sovereignty. A favorite argument in debate is that realism is biological, ingrained in our genetic code as part of being human. If this is true, how can a world order survive, if offensive action is inevitable?
In my two hour debate round focused on cosmopolitanism, I was forced to get out of my ‘America is incredible’ mindset and consider other possibilities. For those two hours, another choice sounded pretty decent, even while having pride from being an American. The more preparation I did for the debate, and the additional research put in for this post, simply learning about it has allowed me to sort out my thoughts and opinions, but has left me with a thought. If more people were exposed to these kinds of thoughts and situations about IR theory, would notions like cosmopolitanism be possible, or is society too grounded in hierarchies and current supremacy structures? Cosmopolitanism, standing alone, is a fantastic idea, but I think its best applied to the world through on a moral level. Organizations like the United Nations and NATO are positive and helpful, but could never govern all six billion human beings on the planet.